Around the turn of the 19th century, Schädellehre (doctrine of the skull) — better know as phrenology — was considered on the cutting edge of medical theory. Developed by the renowned Viennese neuroanatomist and physiologist Dr. Franz Joseph Gall, the

Ever since the seventeenth century, composers in every generation have explored the Orient for musical and dramatic inspiration. In fact, the sheer durability of this Orientalist obsession in music has greatly extended the language of music by employing eastern instruments,

Friedrich Nietzsche Das zerbrochene Ringlein Piano Sonata in G Major “God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him.” This most widely quoted statement originating with Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900) first appeared in the 1882 publication Die fröhliche

Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848) was one of the most prolific Italian composers in the second quarter of the 19th Century. He composed roughly 100 songs, several symphonies and oratorios, cantatas, chamber and church music. Yet his reputation invariably stands or falls

Giuseppe Verdi: La Forza del destino, Act 1, “Me pellegrina ed orfana” Having finally tied the knot, Peppe Verdi and Peppina Strepponi enjoyed an extended period of matrimonial peace. Whenever possible, they spent quality time at the Villa Verdi, located

Imagine writing sixty operas over a period of fifty years, and having them performed to great acclaim at the most important opera houses of Europe. Yet the only thing history actually remembers are the infamous words by Amintore Galli, who

Watch Piano Sonata No. 31 in A flat major, Op. 110Stephen Kovacevich Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor, Op. 111Michelangeli Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was a revolutionary man who lived and worked in revolutionary and tumultuous times. Much of

Symphony No. 41 in C major, K. 551, “Jupiter” IV. Molto Allegro Berlin Philharmonic OrchestraHerbert von Karajan There are certain events in the history of humankind that must have been utterly magical. Take for example 23 September 1964, and picture